Izicima-mlilo zibonelela ngomgca obalulekileyo wokuzikhusela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo zomlilo. Uyilo lwabo oluphathwayo luvumela abantu ukuba balwe amadangatye ngokufanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba anyuke. Izixhobo ezifana neisixhobo sokucima umlilo esingumgubokwaye iI-CO2 yokucima umliloluphucule kakhulu ukhuseleko lomlilo. Ezi zinto zintsha ziyaqhubeka ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ukwenzakala okunxulumene nomlilo kunye nomonakalo wepropathi.
Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha
- Izinto zokucima umlilo zinjaloizixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokuyekaimililo emincinci ngokukhawuleza.
- Naziizicima-mlilo ezahlukeneyokwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemililo.
- Ukuzijonga rhoqo nokufunda ukuzisebenzisa kunceda kwiimeko zikaxakeka.
Imbali yeZicimi-mlilo
Izixhobo zokucima umlilo zakwangoko
Ngaphambi kokusungulwa kweinto yokucima umlilo, impucuko yamandulo yayixhomekeke kwizixhobo zokulwa nomlilo. Ii-emele zamanzi, iingubo ezimanzi, nesanti yayizezona ndlela ziphambili ezazisetyenziswa ukucima amadangatye. KwiRoma yamandulo, imibutho yokucima umlilo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Vigiles," yayisebenzisa iimpompo zesandla kunye neebhakethi zamanzi ukulawula imililo kwimimandla yasezidolophini. Ezi zixhobo, nangona zisebenza ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, zazingenako ukuchaneka nokusebenza kakuhle okufunekayo ukulwa nemililo ngokukhawuleza.
Uguquko lwezoShishino lwazisa inkqubela phambili kubuchwephesha bokucima umlilo. Izixhobo ezifana neepompo zomlilo ezisebenza ngesandla kunye neesirinji zavela, zivumela abacimi bomlilo ukuba baqondise imilambo yamanzi ngokuchanekileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zixhobo zazininzi kwaye zifuna abantu abaninzi ukuba basebenze, benciphisa ukusebenza kwabo kusetyenziso lomntu siqu okanye oluncinci.
Isicimi somlilo sokuQala ngu-Ambrose Godfrey
Ngo-1723, u-Ambrose Godfrey, i-chemist yaseJamani, waguqula ukhuseleko lomlilo ngokunika ilungelo lobunikazi kwisicimi-mlilo sokuqala. Uyilo lwakhe lwaluquka ibhokisi ezele lulwelo lokucima umlilo kunye negumbi elinerhuluwa. Xa ivuliwe, irhuluwa yadubula, isasaza ulwelo phezu kwamadangatye. Olu yilo luyilayo lubonelele ngendlela ekujoliswe kuyo nesebenzayo yokucima imililo xa kuthelekiswa neendlela zangaphambili.
Iirekhodi zembali zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuveliswa kukaGodfrey ngexesha lomlilo kwiCrown Tavern eLondon ngo-1729. Esi sixhobo sawulawula ngempumelelo umlilo, sibonisa amandla aso njengesixhobo sokusindisa ubomi. Umlilo ka-Godfrey waphawula ukuqala kwexesha elitsha ekukhuseleni umlilo, ukukhuthaza izinto ezintsha ezizayo kwiteknoloji yokucima umlilo.
Ukuzivelela kwiZicimi-mlilo zanamhlanje eziphathwayo
Uhambo olusuka kwimveliso kaGodfrey ukuya kwisicimi-mlilo sale mihla lubandakanya imiba emininzi. Ngowe-1818, uGeorge William Manby wazisa isitya sobhedu esiphathwayo esinesisombululo sepotassium carbonate phantsi komoya oxinanisiweyo. Olu luyilo luvumele abasebenzisi ukuba batshize isisombululo ngokuthe ngqo kwidangatye, besenza ukuba sisebenziseke ngakumbi kumntu ngamnye.
Izinto ezintsha ezalandelayo zaphucula ngakumbi izicima-mlilo. Ngo-1881, u-Almon M. Granger unelungelo lomenzi kwisicimi sokucima i-soda-asidi, esasebenzisa i-chemical reaction phakathi kwe-sodium bicarbonate kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric ukudala amanzi acinezelekileyo. Ngowe-1905, uAlexander Laurant wavelisa isixhobo sokucima imichiza esinogwebu, esabonakala sisebenza nxamnye nomlilo weoli. IPyrene Manufacturing Company yazisa izicimi-mlilo ze-carbon tetrachloride ngo-1910, zinika isisombululo kwimililo yombane.
Inkulungwane yama-20 yabona ukuvela kwezicimi-mlilo zanamhlanje zisebenzisa i-CO2 kunye neekhemikhali ezomileyo. Ezi zixhobo ziye zadibana, zisebenza kakuhle, kwaye zaguquguquka, zibonelela kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zomlilo. Namhlanje,izicima-mlilozizixhobo eziyimfuneko emakhayeni, eziofisini, nakwimizi-mveliso, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nomlilo.
| Unyaka | Umqambi/uMdali | Inkcazo |
|---|---|---|
| 1723 | Ambrose Godfrey | Isicima-mlilo sokuqala esirekhodiweyo, sisebenzisa irhuluwa ukusasaza ulwelo. |
| 1818 | UGeorge William Manby | Isitya sobhedu kunye nesisombululo se-potassium carbonate phantsi komoya ocinezelweyo. |
| 1881 | Almon M. Granger | Isicima-soda-asidi yokucima usebenzisa i-sodium bicarbonate kunye ne-asidi ye-sulfuric. |
| 1905 | Alexander Laurant | Isicimi sokucima amagwebu ngemichiza kwimililo yeoli. |
| 1910 | Inkampani yokuVelisa iPyrene | Isicimi-mlilo seCarbon tetrachloride semililo yombane. |
| 1900s | Ezahlukeneyo | Izicima-mlilo zanamhlanje ezine-CO2 kunye neekhemikhali ezomileyo zokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. |
Ukuvela kwezinto zokucima umlilo kubonisa ukuzinikela kwabantu ekuphuculeni ukhuseleko lomlilo. Inguqulelo nganye entsha ibe negalelo ekwenzeni izixhobo zokucima umlilo zifikeleleke ngakumbi, zisebenze kwaye zithembeke.
Ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha kwiziXhobo zokucima umlilo
Uphuhliso lwee-Arhente zoCima
Ukuvela kwezinto zokucima umlilo kuphucule kakhulu ukusebenza kwezixhobo zokucima umlilo. Uyilo lwangaphambili lwaluxhomekeke kwizisombululo ezisisiseko ezifana ne-potassium carbonate okanye amanzi, ezazisikelwe umda ekukwazini ukulwa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zomlilo. Inkqubela phambili yanamhlanje yazisa ii-arhente ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe iiklasi ezithile zomlilo, ukuphucula ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle.
Njengokuba,iiarhente zeekhemikhali ezomileyo, njengemonoammonium phosphate, zaye zasetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo ekucimeni imililo yodidi A, B, noC. Ezi arhente ziphazamisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali ezibasa umlilo, zibenze basebenze kakhulu. ICarbon dioxide (CO2) yavela njengolunye uphuhliso olubalulekileyo. Ukukwazi kwayo ukususa ioksijini kunye namadangatye apholileyo ayenze ukuba ilungele imililo yombane kunye nolwelo olunokutsha. Ukongeza, iiarhente zeekhemikhali ezimanzi zaphuhliswa ukujongana nemililo yoMdibaniso K, oqhele ukufunyanwa kwiikhitshi zorhwebo. Ezi arhente zenza i-soapy layer phezu kweoli evuthayo kunye namafutha, ukukhusela ukutsha kwakhona.
Izicimi zokucima i-agent ezicocekileyo, ezisebenzisa iigesi ezifana ne-FM200 kunye ne-Halotron, zimela ukutsiba phambili ekukhuseleni umlilo. Ezi arhente aziqhubeki kwaye azishiyi ntsalela, zizenza zilungele indawo ezinezixhobo ezibuthathaka, njengamaziko edatha kunye neemyuziyam. Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo kweearhente zokucima umlilo kuqinisekisa ukuba izicima-mlilo zihlala zisebenza kuzo zonke iimeko ezahlukeneyo.
Izinto ezintsha kuYilo lweSicimi soMlilo
Inkqubela-phambili kuyilo iguqule izicima-mlilo zibe zizixhobo ezisebenziseka lula nezisebenzayo. Iimodeli zangaphambili zazininzi kwaye zinzima ukusebenza, zinciphisa ukufikeleleka kwazo. Uyilo lwangoku lubeka phambili ukuphatheka, ukusebenziseka ngokulula, kunye nokuqina, ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokusabela ngokukhawuleza ngexesha likaxakeka.
Enye into entsha ephawulekayo kukwaziswa kweegeyiji zoxinzelelo, ezivumela abasebenzisi ukuba baqinisekise ukulungela kwesicimi ngokukrwaqula. Olu phawu lunciphisa umngcipheko wokuthumela isixhobo esingasebenziyo ngexesha elibalulekileyo. Ukongeza, izibambo ze-ergonomic kunye nezixhobo ezikhaphukhaphu ziphucule ukusebenziseka kwezicimi-mlilo, zenza ukuba abantu abanobuchule obahlukeneyo bomzimba basebenze ngokufanelekileyo.
Olunye uphuhliso oluphawulekayo kukudityaniswa kwemibala enemibala kunye nemiyalelo ecacileyo. Ezi zixhasi zenza lula ukuchongwa kweentlobo zezixhobo zokucima umlilo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo okufanelekileyo, ukunciphisa ukudideka ngexesha loxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ngaphaya koko, ukuqhubela phambili kubuchwepheshe bombhobho buphucule ukuchaneka kunye nokufikelela kwiiarhente zokucima umlilo, kuqinisekiswe ukuba imililo inokuqutyulwa ngempumelelo.
Iindidi zesiCimi-mlilo zanamhlanje kunye nezicelo
Izicima-mlilo zanamhlanjezihlelwe ngokusekelwe kukufaneleka kwazo kwiiklasi ezithile zomlilo, ziqinisekisa ukucinywa komlilo okujoliswe kuyo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Uhlobo ngalunye lujongana neengozi zomlilo ezizodwa, zibenza babaluleke kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo.
- Izixhobo zokucima umlilo zeClass A: Yenzelwe izinto eziqhelekileyo ezinokutsha njengemithi, iphepha, kunye nalaphu, ezi zixhobo zokucima umlilo zibalulekile kwiindawo zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo.
- Izixhobo zokucima umlilo zodidi B: Isebenza kulwelo olunokutsha olufana nepetroli neoyile, ezi zinto zibalulekile kumaziko emizi-mveliso nakwiindibano zocweyo.
- Izixhobo zokucima umlilo zodidi C: Yenzelwe ngokukodwa imililo yombane, ezi zicimi-mlilo zisebenzisa ii-agent ezingezizo zokuqhuba ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko.
- Izixhobo zokucima umlilo zodidi lweK: Izitshizi zokucima imichiza ezimanzi zenzelwe amakhitshi orhwebo, apho ioyile yokupheka namafutha ibeka imingcipheko ebalulekileyo yomlilo.
- Coca Agent Extinguisher: Ilungele ukukhusela i-asethi yexabiso eliphezulu, ezi zicimi-mlilo zisebenzisa iigesi ezifana ne-FM200 kunye ne-Halotron ukucima umlilo ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo wamanzi.
Ukuguquguquka kwezinto zokucima umlilo zanamhlanje kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Enoba zikhusela amakhaya, iiofisi, okanye izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo, ezi zixhobo zihlala zisisiseko sokhuseleko emlilweni.
Impembelelo yeZicimi-mlilo kuKhuseleko loMlilo
Indima kwiiKhowudi zoKwakha kunye neMigaqo
Izixhobo zokucima umlilo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuthotyelwa kweekhowudi zokwakha kunye nemimiselo yokhuseleko lomlilo. Imigangatho efanaINFPA 10ukugunyazisa ukhetho olufanelekileyo, ukubekwa, kunye nokugcinwa kwezinto zokucima umlilo kwiindawo zokuhlala, zorhwebo, kunye nezakhiwo zoshishino. Le mimiselo ijolise ekuboneleleni abahlali ngezixhobo ezifikelelekayo zokulwa nemililo yasekuqaleni, ukuthintela ukunyuka kwabo. Ngokucima imililo emincinci ngokukhawuleza, izixhobo zokucima umlilo zinciphisa imfuneko yamanyathelo okucima umlilo abanzi, njengamathumbu omlilo okanye iinkonzo zomlilo zangaphandle. Le mpendulo ikhawulezayo inciphisa umonakalo wepropathi kwaye yongeza ukhuseleko lwabahlali.
| Uhlobo lobungqina | Inkcazo |
|---|---|
| Indima yeZicimi-mlilo | Izicima-mlilo zibonelela ngabahlalikunye neendlela zokulwa nemililo yasekuqaleni, ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwayo. |
| Isantya sokuphendula | Banokucima imililo emincinci ngokukhawuleza kunokwakha imibhobho yomlilo okanye iinkonzo zomlilo zendawo. |
| IiMfuneko zokuThobela | Ukukhetha okufanelekileyo kunye nokubekwa kugunyaziswe ngeekhowudi ezifana neNFPA 10, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle. |
Igalelo kuThintelo loMlilo kunye noKwazisa
Izicima-mlilo zinegalelo elikhulu ekuthinteleni umlilo ngokukhuthaza ukuqatshelwa kweengozi zomlilo. Ubukho babo kwizakhiwo busebenza njengesikhumbuzo esiqhubekayo sokubaluleka kokhuseleko lomlilo. Ukuhlolwa nokugcinwa rhoqo, ngokufuthi okufunwa ngumthetho, kukhuthaza abantu ukuba bahlale bephaphile ngeengozi ezinokubakho zomlilo. Ukongezelela, izicima-mlilo zibalaselisa imfuneko yamanyathelo abukhali, anjengokuchonga nokunciphisa iingozi zomlilo kwiindawo zokusebenza nasemakhaya. Oku kuqonda kunciphisa ukubakho kweziganeko zomlilo kwaye kukhuthaze inkcubeko yokhuseleko.
Ukubaluleka kwiiNkqubo zoQeqesho loKhuseleko loMlilo
Iinkqubo zoqeqesho lokhuseleko lomlilo zigxininisa ukusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokucima umlilo, ukuxhobisa abantu abanezakhono ezifunekayo ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo ngexesha likaxakeka. Ezi nkqubo, zihlala zifunwa phantsi kwe-OSHA §1910.157, zifundisa abathathi-nxaxheba indlela yokuchonga iiklasi zomlilo kunye nokukhetha isicimi-mlilo esifanelekileyo. Iziphumo zoqeqesho zibonisa ukubaluleka kwezi zixhobo ekunciphiseni ukulimala okunxulumene nomlilo, ukufa kunye nomonakalo wepropathi. Ngokomzekelo, imililo yasemsebenzini ibangelangaphezu kwama-5,000 okwenzakala kunye nokufa kwama-200 ngonyaka, kunye neendleko zomonakalo wepropathi ngokuthe ngqo ezidlula i-3.74 yezigidigidi zeedola ngo-2022.Uqeqesho olululo luyaqinisekisaukuba abantu bangenza izinto ngokukhawuleza nangokuzithemba, benciphisa ezi mpembelelo ziyingozi.
| Isiphumo | Ubalo |
|---|---|
| Ukwenzakala kwimililo yasemsebenzini | Bangaphezu kwama-5,000 abantu bonzakala ngonyaka |
| Ukusweleka ngenxa yemililo yasemsebenzini | Bangaphezu kwama-200 abafayo ngonyaka |
| Iindleko zomonakalo wepropati | I-3.74 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kumonakalo wepropathi ngokuthe ngqo ngo-2022 |
| Imfuneko yokuthotyelwa | Uqeqesho olufunekayo phantsi kwe-OSHA §1910.157 |
Izicima-mlilo ziye zaluguqula ukhuseleko lomlilo ngokubonelela ngesixhobo esifikelelekayo nesisebenzayo sokulwa nomlilo. Uphuhliso lwabo lubonisa ubuchule boluntu ekujonganeni neengozi zomlilo. Ukuqhubela phambili kwexesha elizayo kuya kuphucula ukusebenza kwabo kunye nokuguquguquka, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo kubomi kunye nepropathi kwihlabathi elihlala livela.
FAQ
1. Kufuneka zihlolwe kangaphi izicima-mlilo?
Izicima-mlilo kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ngenyanga kwaye zilondolozwe ngonyaka. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba zihlala zisebenza kwaye zithobela imigaqo yokhuseleko.
Ingcebiso: Njalo khangela igeyiji yoxinzelelo ukuze uqinisekise ukuba isicima sikulungele ukusetyenziswa.
2. Ingaba kukho nasiphi na isicima-mlilo esinokusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iintlobo zomlilo?
Hayi, izicima-mlilo zenzelwe iindidi ezithile zomlilo. Ukusebenzisa uhlobo olungafanelekanga kunokwenza imeko ibe mandundu. Soloko udibanisa isicima-mlilo neklasi yomlilo.
| Iklasi yoMlilo | Iindidi zesicimi esifanelekileyo |
|---|---|
| Iklasi A | Amanzi, igwebu, imichiza eyomileyo |
| Udidi B | CO2, uMchiza owomileyo |
| Udidi C | I-CO2, iMichiza eyomileyo, i-Agent ecocekileyo |
| Udidi K | Imichiza emanzi |
3. Bungakanani ubomi besixhobo sokucima umlilo?
Uninzi lwezixhobo zokucima umlilo zihlala iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-15, kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lwazo nomenzi wazo. Ukugcinwa rhoqo kwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka ngexesha likaxakeka.
Phawula: Faka endaweni yokucima umlilo ebonisa iimpawu zomonakalo okanye uxinzelelo oluphantsi ngoko nangoko.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-21-2025